Sir Malcolm Campbell’s record-
ON DAYTONA BEACH, FLORIDA, Blue Bird established a record of 272·11 miles an hour on February 22, 1933. This car was equipped with a Rolls-
IN few fields has the engineer a greater opportunity of demonstrating his genius than in that of record breaking. There will always be a daring band of adventurous men who are willing to risk their lives in attempting to improve on some existing record; and it is to be hoped that there will always be engineers who are skilled enough to design the machines which will enable them to break those records in safety.
The breaking of records is real pioneering. It involves the achievement of something that has never been done before, and entails much work of a truly experimental nature.
One of the most spectacular forms of record breaking, and one that demands more skill from the engineers and designers than most, is that which is inseparably bound up with the name of Sir Malcolm Campbell and his famous Blue Bird. The world’s land speed record, since 1924, has been broken again and again -
In 1924 Sir Malcolm (then Captain) Campbell touched a speed of 146·16 miles an hour. No other man, at that time, had travelled at such a speed on land. To-
The land speed record, early in 1937, stood at the amazing figure of 301·129 miles an hour -
So surely have the improvements been made, however, and so consistently have they proved the engineers to be working on the right lines, that the 1935 Blue Bird may be justly regarded as a masterpiece of engineering technique.
The factors which confront those concerned with record-
The next unpleasant fact to be faced by the designer and the driver of the car is that nowhere on this earth is there a place entirely suitable for a record-
The first Blue Bird had a Napier engine developing 450 horse-
Early in 1930 Campbell determined to attack Sir Henry Segrave’s record. Campbell decided to use the supercharged Napier racing engine developed for the Schneider Trophy seaplanes. This engine developed 1,400 horsepower; and to use it in the existing car meant considerable modifications to that car.
The position was one which has occurred again and again. It would to-
In such circumstances, however, the engine would account for about three-
Problems of Wind Resistance
THE problem which always confronts the designer is that of making a car suitable for the best engine available at the time; and such an engine has invariably been of such a size that the car has had to be considerably bigger than the designer’s ideal car.
The problem with which the designer was faced in 1930 was even more complex -
The best course would have been to build a new car round the new 1,400 horse-
One of the most important requirements was a body with a reasonably low wind resistance. To achieve this it was necessary to find room for the driver to sit as low as possible inside the frame.
The problem was solved by the ingenious process of “off-
Blue Bird had a single-
The problem of body shape was largely dependent upon that of the cooling system, as the radiator was to be at the front end of the car. The possibility of dispensing with the radiator altogether was considered, but it was decided that it could be mounted in such a way that it would add little to the drag of the body.
SIR MALCOLM CAMPBELL and Blue Bird in 1933, before leaving England for Daytona Beach. The peculiar frontal appearance of the car is due to the cooling system used, the radiator cowl being mounted in such a way that the air passing through the radiator could emerge at the rear of the cowling, offering little resistance to the main air stream into which it passed. The car is seen fitted with ordinary tyres; those used for the record attempts had no tread.
The scheme of mounting the radiator on outriggers, some feet in front of the nose of the car, was next considered; tubular supports for the radiator could also be used as water passages. This scheme, however, was abandoned, and a compromise was adopted. The radiator was mounted some ten inches in front of the nose of the car, and was fitted with a cowl or “false nose”, set at such an angle that the air which passed through the radiator and emerged from the rear end of the cowling offered the least possible resistance to the air stream flowing over it.
Wind-
More wind-
Wheel Spin at High Speed
THE car was taken to Daytona Beach, and on February 5, 1931, a new record of 245·73 miles an hour over the measured mile was established. The beach was in bad condition at the time, and Campbell, confident that the car was capable of even better speeds, decided to make another attempt in the following year.
Little was done to the car in the meantime. As the temperature of the water in the radiator had not exceeded 60° Centigrade on the previous record run, it was decided that the size of the radiator block could profitably be reduced, and, with the smaller radiator, the body shape was somewhat improved. On February 24, 1932 -
In April 1932 it was again decided to equip the car with a new engine -
The wheelbase had to be lengthened to accommodate the new engine; the whole transmission system had to be modified to stand the greatly increased power output; yet drastic alterations involving the spending of much time and money could not be permitted.
The total height of the new engine was considerably greater than that of the Napier engine, and this necessitated considerable alterations in the body line of the car. It was now necessary to raise the driver's seat to give him a clear vision ahead.
The existing body was so modified that the cylinder blocks of the engine appeared as excrescences on the top of the bonnet, merging off into the familiar contours of the old body. The wheelbase had to be lengthened by 17¼-
IMPROVED STREAMLINING was achieved by the design of the bodywork for the 1935 Blue Bird. Pairs of twin rear wheels were used, the rear fin was reduced in size and the radiator was completely redesigned. The flap along the front edge was closed during the run over the measured mile, to reduce air resistance as much as possible.
A factor which had always been of great importance was now assuming really formidable proportions. This was the question of wheel spin at high speeds. Daytona Beach presented a surface that was far from perfect, and yet it was apparently the only convenient stretch of land on which these record attempts could be carried out.
Although the speed over a measured mile was the prime consideration, it was necessary that ample room for the initial acceleration and the final braking should be provided, and the length of the stretch of sand at Daytona was favourable from this point of view.
In January 1933 the car was shipped to America once more; but when it arrived the condition of the beach was even worse than it had been during the previous runs. Campbell had been repeatedly warned by the designer of the car that the tremendous power output of the new engine, and the consequently small margin of adhesion, would make it distinctly hazardous to attack the record unless the condition of the beach were perfect. Campbell waited patiently for more than three weeks.
On February 22 the conditions were described as “reasonable”, although the beach was wet and strewn with shells. Patches of mist reduced the visibility to less than half a mile. In spite of these adverse conditions, however, Campbell took the car out and established the new figure of 272·11 miles an hour.
The tremendous losses caused by wheel spin were now apparent, since the revolution indicator at one moment had shown a reading of 4,000 revolutions a minute, corresponding to a speed of no less than 370 miles an hour. The car had to be stopped for wheel changing at the, end of the northward run, and the tyres were found to have sustained several superficial cuts.
The tyres represented one of the most difficult problems concerning the car; at an engine speed of 4,000 revolutions, the rear tyres were turning at about 3,300 revolutions a minute. The tyres were rolling over a distinctly abrasive surface, and were sustaining a load of nearly one and a half tons, but their performance was beyond criticism. Tyres designed for work of this kind have no tread at all; it would at once be thrown off by centrifugal force. The rubber was but one thirty-
So great is the centrifugal force at these high speeds that should one of the outer layers of cord be cut during a run, the broken ends would fly out radially and cut through the rubber.
Normal Chassis Frame
A COMPROMISE had to be struck between excessive weight -
The design of the car which set up this record in 1933 was an enormous advance on that of the earlier cars of the series. The familiar vertical fin on the tail had been provided, to give lateral stability, but it introduced a problem of its own. Any attempt at making the steering of the car more stable by fitting such a tail fin must result in greater sensitivity to the effects of a side wind, and another compromise became necessary.
The car was heavy enough to be slow in its reactions to disturbing forces, and was therefore safer than a lighter car would have been. The better the body shape of such a car, the leas work has the driver to do in keeping it on a straight course. The normal reaction to air pressure tends to depress the nose of the car, and the corresponding elevation of the rear portion reduces the adhesion. All these factors were carefully balanced against one another, and the results obtained leave no doubt that Blue Bird was as safe a car as it could possibly be in the circumstances governing its design.
DIRECTIONAL STABILITY was greatly improved by the large vertical fin at the rear of the car. Side winds, however, proved somewhat troublesome, and when Blue Bird was redesigned for the record attempt in 1935 the fin was reduced in size. This illustration also shows the almost vertical position of the steering wheel and gives an impression of the small driving cockpit.
The design of the chassis frame was perfectly normal throughout. The designer stated that the general conditions in which it had to function were no more arduous than those faced by the ordinary 3-
The fact that the general design of Blue Bird bears such striking resemblances to that of a normal motor car is a vindication of the statement that record-
Even the clutch and gearbox were designed on normal lines. The clutch had nine driven plates of carbon steel, on to which were riveted the fabric linings. It was of remarkably small size, considering the tremendous torque which it had to transmit. The gearbox also was conventional in design, although the forces present were sufficient to give the driver's hand a considerable jar if he made an error in timing his gear-
The road wheels were of the disk type, with 10-
The overall length of the car was 26 ft 7-
Such was the Blue Bird which achieved a speed of 272·11 miles an hour in 1933. People were already beginning to prophesy that Campbell had reached the limit, when he decided that Blue Bird should again be rebuilt. The rumour went round that a speed of 300 miles an hour was his objective, and that nothing less would satisfy him. The old car had already proved itself capable of such a speed, but wheel spin had been the limiting factor.
Once again it was decided to modify the existing car and to use the same type of engine. The problem of adhesion was tackled by the provision of pairs of twin rear wheels. The rear axle, having shown signs of weakness, was redesigned. As the two shafts did not emerge from the rear axle casing at exactly corresponding points, one pair of rear wheels was mounted in the chassis at a point slightly farther forward than the other.
THE EFFECT OF A TYRE-
The radiator and the front of the body were entirely redesigned. The new nose was flatter than the old, and air was admitted to the radiator through a huge horizontal slit. This was equipped with a flap which could be closed from the driver’s seat during the run over the measured mile, thus reducing wind resistance by a considerable amount.
The whole of the streamlining was redesigned, the underneath parts now being almost flat. The carburettor air intakes were now mounted at the top of the body, to avoid the possibility of the entry of sand. The tail fin, for directional stability, was reduced in size. In appearance the new Blue Bird bore little resemblance to the older car from which it had been evolved; but the various alterations were regarded only as “minor modifications”.
An interesting addition at this stage was the provision of air flaps, with an area of 4 square feet, behind the rear wheels. These flaps could be raised by the driver, and served as air brakes, slowing the car down until the time at which the wheel brakes could be safely applied. Sockets for special jacks were fitted at either end of the frame, to facilitate the quick changing of wheels.
Again Blue Bird was sent out to Daytona, arriving in February 1935, and again Campbell was faced with unsuitable conditions. On some days the tide and wind were favourable, but the surface was in bad condition; on days when the surface was better, tide or wind would be unfavourable.
On March 7, 1935, Campbell took out Blue Bird and reached a new figure -
Soon after this attempt, however, came the discovery of a new spot for record breaking -
After a short trial run on September 2, Campbell expressed himself satisfied with Blue Bird and with the surface, and was optimistic of attaining 300 miles an hour.
On the next day the attempt on the record was made, and the outward run over the measured mile was covered at a speed of 304·98 miles an hour. At the end of this run, and at a speed of about 280 miles an hour, one of the front tyres burst, but the tremendous forces involved kept the wheel clear of the ground until the car had slowed down to a speed at which it could be kept under control.
Tyres were changed, and the return run was covered at a speed of 298·013 miles an hour. The mean speed for the two runs was 301·129 miles an hour, and Sir Malcolm Campbell had realized his long-
Five Miles a Minute
DURING these runs, a small cinematograph camera was installed in Blue Bird's cockpit, to make a continuous record of the instrument readings. The driver had far too much to do in controlling the car to give more than an occasional lightning glance at the dashboard. The chronometer, revolution indicator, oil and supercharger pressure gauges were mounted on a special facia-
The new Blue Bird was somewhat larger than its predecessor of 1933, having an overall length of 28 ft 3-
An engine of 450 horse-
The use of a 1,500 horse-
The fact that speeds of more than 300 miles an hour have been attained in a car, the history of which has been one long story of modifications and redesigning, is a tribute to the skill of the designer, of the driver, and of all the engineers and mechanics concerned.
DETAILED DIAGRAM of Sir Malcolm Campbell’s 1933 Blue Bird. The overall length of the car was 26 ft 7-